Why are a growing number of young women in this relatively safe corner of Iraq
showing up in local hospitals, dying of suspicious burns?
WEB EXCLUSIVE
By Kevin Peraino
Newsweek
Sept. 18, 2007 - The doctor knows, just from glancing at the burns, that someone
is lying to him. Srood Tawfiq, a reconstructive surgeon at Sulaimani Hospital in
Iraq's northern Kurdish region, buttons his white lab coat and steps into the
burn unit. "Busy day yesterday," he says, pulling back a curtain to reveal a
sleeping 16-year-old girl with kerosene burns over 90 percent of her body. The
mother of the young woman, hovering over the hospital bed, tells Tawfiq that her
daughter slipped and scalded herself while carrying a portable stove. The doctor
listens sympathetically. But later, out of the woman's earshot, he explains that
he doubts the mother's explanation. If it were really an accident, he whispers,
"you don't get this degree of burn." Outside the hospital room he pulls off his
hygienic mask and shakes his head. "We never tell them that they're going to
die," he says quietly.
Kurdistan has long been considered the one consistently safe and relatively
prosperous region of Iraq. So why, in increasing numbers, are the territory's
young women showing up at local hospitals dying of suspicious burns? According
to the Women's Union of Kurdistan, there were 95 such cases in the first six
months of 2007, up 15 percent since last year. A December 2006 report from the
Asuda women’s rights group in Sulaimani says that the "phenomenon is increasing
at an alarming rate." Ninety-five percent of the victims are under 30, and
roughly half are between 16 and 21. On the day before I stopped by the emergency
hospital in Sulaimani, six young women were admitted with major burns, three of
them telling suspicious stories. When I called Zryan Yones, the Kurdish health
minister, he said that the trend among young women is more disturbing than a
recent outbreak of cholera. He provided a startling statistic: since August 10,
Kurdistan had had nine deaths from its cholera epidemic; in the same period,
there were 25 young women dead of burns. "I have one young girl lying in our
morgues every single day," he told me.
So what's going on? Most of the survivors tell doctors that the burns resulted
from a "cooking accident." But surgeons told me they can tell that the vast
majority are not telling the truth. Kerosene, the fuel used to cook here, is not
particularly volatile; if a woman comes in with burns over the majority of her
body, it is likely intentional. Women's rights advocates in Sulaimani believe
that the majority of the burn cases are suicide attempts; the remainder are
suspected to be honor killings or other murders disguised as accidents or
suicide. ("Cooking accident" has long been a euphemism for dowry killing in
India.) Doctors told me that it's virtually impossible to distinguish between
murder and suicide based on the burns and the women's stories. Still, anecdotal
evidence suggests that the trend may be aggravated by a copycat effect among
Kurdistan's teenagers. One 20-year-old woman, Heshw Mohammad, who briefly
considered burning herself after her father killed her boyfriend two years ago,
told me that self-immolation has become a sort of fashion among teenage Kurdish
women. "They imitate each other," she says.
What's the motive—and why fire? Doctors, rights advocates, and young women I
spoke to described a collision of local tradition with modern technology and the
fallout from the Iraq war. Death by immolation has a long history among ethnic
Kurds. When someone is angry here, a popular interjection is "I'm going to burn
myself!" Locals I talked to attributed the fire obsession to various local
cultural sources. The Zoroastrian religion uses fire as a prominent symbol. The
Kurdish new year, called "Newroz," commemorates the day a folk hero named Kawa
killed a tyrant named Zohak and then set a fire on a mountaintop to tell his
followers; Kurds celebrate the day by burning tires and with other pyrotechnic
displays. "Burning, traditionally, has been the way to die among the Kurdish
people," says Yones, the health minister.
Most of the burn cases in Kurdistan—whether suicides or honor killings—revolve
around love and dating. Heshw Mohammad's case is typical. When she was 18 she
fell in love with a local boy, and the two started seeing each other, which is
generally frowned on in Kurdistan's traditional society. They communicated
secretly by text message on their mobile phones to arrange meetings. But her
father had other ideas about his daughter's future; he had already promised her
to one of his friends. When Heshw's boyfriend asked her father to let the girl
marry him, her father gunned the boy down with an AK-47, she says. She later
attempted suicide by overdosing on medication, but she acknowledges that burning
herself "crossed my mind." After the killing, her boyfriend's father took her to
a women's shelter in Sulaimani, where she now says she sleeps late and spends
her time watching South Korean soap operas on satellite TV. "I have no plans for
the future," she told me. "I'm quite sure I will be killed in the end."
Rights advocates explain that the introduction in the past several years of
inexpensive mobile phones and e-mail to Kurdistan have made dating and casual
sex easier, even as the old patriarchal social structures remain in place. "The
explosion of technology has alienated people from themselves," says Samera
Mohammad of the Rassan women's rights center in Sulaimaniya. She says that a
disturbing number of the suicides involve boys who take pictures of their
girlfriends with their camera phones and then show their friends. But rights
advocates say that even something as simple as bad grades can be a motive for
self-immolation.
The Iraq war only made things worse. Refugees from Iraq's cities, some of whom
have turned to prostitution to earn a living, have flocked to Kurdistan from
elsewhere in the country, challenging rural sexual mores and the religious
beliefs of the mostly Sunni Muslim Kurds. Kurdistan's lakeside resorts are said
to be a popular destination for sex workers in search of easy income. "With the
arrival of prostitutes, men have become more suspicious of their daughters,"
says Paiman Izzedine of the Women's Union of Kurdistan. Economic factors have
also aggravated the problem, according to locals. The price of kerosene, for
example, has tripled since the war began, its price swinging wildly,
black-market dealers told me. That means households now stockpile the fuel for
the winter in large quantities when they can get it cheap—providing young women
with inspiration and an easy weapon.
For now, the suicides are a phenomenon that is seldom discussed openly in
Kurdistan. Srood Tawfiq, the surgeon at Sulaimani's burn center, says he has
seen only five or six cases in which the patients admitted to a suicide attempt.
Rights advocates told me that they're beginning to hold conferences in local
villages to educate teachers and other community leaders about the problem. Yet
even Tawfiq acknowledges that he doesn't press his patients too hard about their
real motivations. "We don't insist on the cause," he told me, as we talked
outside the burn unit. "We just ask once; we don't push it." Even in relatively
peaceful Kurdistan, sometimes the truth is too merciless to speak.
